СВЕРХБЫСТРАЯ ЭЛЕКТРОННАЯ КРИСТАЛЛОГРАФИЯ И НАНОКРИСТАЛЛОГРАФИЯ: ДЛЯ ХИМИИ, БИОЛОГИИ И НАУК О МАТЕРИАЛАХ. ЧАСТЬ I. СВЕРХБЫСТРАЯ ЭЛЕКТРОННАЯ КРИСТАЛЛОГРАФИЯ
Аннотация
Прямое исследование и понимание динамики химических и биологических процессов, происходящих в конденсированных средах, в настоящее время находится на ранней стадии. Прогресс в этой области был вызван разработкой методов исследования структурной динамики материи в состоянии, далеком от равновесия, включая экстремальные состояния. Представленная информация служит основой для тестирования новых теоретических подходов к описанию вещества в причинно-связанной триаде «структура-динамика-свойство». Наблюдение динамического поведения материи в пространственно-временном континууме на сверхкоротких временных масштабах является необходимым первым шагом в объяснении и, в конечном счете, контроле неравновесных процессов и функциональности исследуемых систем. Метод сверхбыстрой электронной кристаллографии позволяет исследовать переходные неравновесные структуры, которые дают решающую информацию о структурной динамике фазовых переходов и когерентной динамики ядер в твердом состоянии, на поверхности и в макромолекулярных системах. В последние годы длительность электронного инпульса в аппаратуре сверхбыстрой электронной дифракции значительно уменьшилась, а ускоряющее напряжение значительно увеличилось. В результате, были получены фемтосекундные импульсы электронов. Предложен метод радиочастотной группировки электронов для увеличения яркости электронного импульса. Для увеличения пространственной когерентности использовался метод электронной полевой эмиссии, а для уменьшения рассогласования скоростей светового и электронного импульсов и сжатия электронных сгустков применялось пондеромоторное волновое фронтальное ускорение. Эти достижения открыли новые возможности для изучения когерентной структурной динамики - атомно-молекулярного кино с фемтосекундным временным разрешением. В обзоре цитируются результаты нескольких всемирно известных исследовательских групп.Литература
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