ДОННЫЕ ОТЛОЖЕНИЯ ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩ КАК ИНТЕГРАЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА СОСТОЯНИЯ ВОДНЫХ ЭКОСИСТЕМ
Аннотация
В исследовании проведена оценка степени загрязнения Уводского водохранилища (Иваново) с применением комплексного подхода, включающего выявление приоритетных загрязняющих веществ и определение их содержания в донных отложениях и поверхностных водах. Проведена оценка экологического состояния водного объекта. В составе исследованных природных сред выявлены такие приоритетные загрязняющие вещества, как тяжелые металлы (Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe), нефтепродукты, фенолы и полициклические ароматические углеводороды. В работе осуществлены оценки загрязнения водного объекта, такие как коэффициент донной аккумуляции, коэффициент загрязнения и степень загрязнения донных отложений. Выявлены техногенные геохимические ассоциации загрязняющих веществ. Установлены четкие корреляционные связи между содержанием ряда тяжелых металлов в донных отложениях и их концентрацией как в придонных, так и в поверхностных водах. Выявлен антропогенный вклад в загрязнение водохранилища. Полученные данные демонстрируют, что химический состав донных отложений может быть использован для проведения комплексной оценки состояния водной экосистемы и выявления уровня санитарно-токсикологической опасности. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о том, что донные отложения являются индикатором экологического состояния водного объекта. Химический состав донных отложений показал, что токсичные вещества сорбируются и накапливаются в донных отложениях в более высоких концентрациях, чем в водной толще. Это свидетельствует о том, что донные отложения могут быть источником вторичного загрязнения водоема. Уровень загрязнения донных отложений водохранилища характеризуется как высокий, а основным источником загрязнения является антропогенная деятельность.
Для цитирования:
Ситанов Р.Д., Извекова Т.В., Зайцева А.О., Квиткова Е.Ю., Гущин А.А. Донные отложения водохранилищ как интегральная характеристика состояния водных экосистем. Изв. вузов. Химия и хим. технология. 2026. Т. 69. Вып. 6. С. 118-129. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20266906.6702.
Литература
Kumar V., Sharma A., Kumar R., Bhardwaj R., Kumar A., Rodrigo-Comino J. Assessment of heavy-metal pollution in three different Indian water bodies by combination of multivariate analysis and water pollution indi-ces. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2020. V. 26. N 1. P. 1-16. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2018.1497946.
Mazurkin P.M., Sibagatullina A.M. Dynamics of river water pollution. Ekol. Promyshl. Rossii. 2009. N 2. P. 9 (in Russian).
Kulbat E., Sokołowska A. Methods of Assessment of Metal Contamination in Bottom Sediments (Case Study: Straszyn Lake, Poland). Arch. Environ. Cont. Toxicol. 2019. V. 77. N 4. P. 605-618. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00662-5.
Opekunov A.Y. Aquatic technosedimentogenesis. St. Petersburg: FGUP Izd-vo "Nauka". 2005. 278 p. (in Rus-sian).
RD 52.24.609-2013. Organization and implementation of observations of the content of pollutants in bottom sediments of water bodies. Roshydromet. 2013. 49 p. (in Russian).
Baran A., Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Gondek K. The influence of the quantity and quality of sediment organic matter on the potential mobility and toxicity of trace elements in bottom sediment. Environ. Geochem. Health. 2019. V. 41. N 6. P. 2893-2910. DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00359-7.
Opekunova M.G., Opekunov A.Y., Kukushkin S.Y., Ganul A.G. Background content of chemical elements in soils and bottom sediments of the north of Western Siberia. Pochvovedenie. 2019. N 4. P. 422-439 (in Russian). DOI: 10.1134/S0032180X19020114.
Revich B.A., Saet Y.E., Smirnova R.S., Sorokina E.P. Methodical recommendations for geochemical assessment of pollution of urban areas by chemical elements. M.: IMGKRE. 1982. 112 p. (in Russian).
Methodology "Criteria for assessing the environmental situation of territories to identify zones of environmental emergency and zones of environmental disaster". Ministry of Natural Resources of the RF. (date of access: 14.06.2025) (in Russian). https://legalacts.ru/doc/metodika-kriterii-otsenki-ekologicheskoi-obstanovki-territorii-dlja/.
Saet Y.E., Revich B.A., Yanin E.P. Environmental Geochemistry. M.: Izd-vo "Nedra". 1990. 335 p. (in Russian).
Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the R F of February 24, 2014 N 112 "On approval of the Methodological Guidelines for the implementation of state monitoring of water bodies in terms of organizing and conducting observations of the content of pollutants in the bottom sediments of water bodies." (date of access: 12.05.2025) (in Russian). https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data2/1/4293768/4293768945.
RD 52.24.643-2002. Method of comprehensive assessment of the degree of pollution of surface waters based on hydrochemical indicators. Roshydromet. 2002. 21 p. (in Russian).
SanPiN 1.2.3685-21. Hygienic standards and require-ments for ensuring safety for humans and environmental factors: Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the RF of January 28, 2021 N 2 (as amended and sup-plemented): [Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on January 29, 2021 N 62296] Ministry of Health of the RF. 2021. ("Garant" date of access: 03.12.2025) (in Russian). https://base.garant.ru/400274954/.
Neruda M., Kramer D., Tikhonova I. Assessment of current conditions of the bílina river in the Czech Repub-lic. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment. New Forest. 2011. P. 97-108. DOI: 10.2495/UW120091.
GOST 17.1.5.01-80. Environmental protection. Hydrosphere. General requirements for sampling bottom sedi-ments of water bodies for pollution analysis (approved and put into effect by the Resolution of the State Com-mittee of the USSR of 24.06.1980 N 3009). Official publication. M.: IPK Izd-vo Standartov. 2002. 6 p. (in Rus-sian) (date accessed: 23.03.2025). https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200012787.
GOST 17.4.4.02-2017. Environmental protection. Soils. Methods of sampling and preparing samples for chemical, bacteriological, and helminthological analysis (Adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification dated 30.11.2017 N 52). Official ed. M.: Standartinform. 2018. 10 p. (in Russian).
GOST R 59024-2020. Water. General requirements for sampling (approved and put into effect by the Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrol-ogy dated 10.09.2020 N 640). Official ed. M.: Ross. In-t Standardizatsii. 2023. 17 p. (in Russian).
Aghlmand R., Nezami S., Abbasi A. Evaluation of Chemical Parameters of Urban Drinking Water Quality along with Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Ar-dabil Province, Iran. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health. 2021. V. 18. N 10. P. 5179. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105179.
Dong W. Zhang Y., Quan X. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and pesticides: A case study in the main drinking water source in Dalian, China. Chemosphere. 2020. V. 242. P. 125113. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125113.
RD 52.18.685-2006. Determination of the mass fraction of metals in soil and bottom sediment samples. Methodology for performing measurements by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Roshydromet. 2007. 33 p. (in Russian).
PND F 14.1:2:4.128-98. Methodology for measuring the mass concentration of petroleum products in samples of natural, drinking, and waste water using the fluorimetric method on the Fluorat-02 liquid analyzer dated 07.08.2012. M.: NPF Lumex. 1998. 34 p. (in Russian).
PND F 14.1:2:4.182-02. Methodology for measuring the mass concentration of phenols (total and volatile) in samples of natural, drinking and waste water using the fluorimetric method on the Fluorat-02 liquid analyzer from 26.11.2002. M.: NPF Lumex. 2002. 29 p. (in Russian).
PND F 14.1:2:4.186-02. Methodology for measuring the mass concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in samples of natural, drinking and waste water by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the Fluorat-02 liquid analyzer as a fluorimetric detector from 26.11.2002. M.: NPF Lumex. 2002. 38 p. (in Russian).
PND F 16.1:2:2:2.3:3.62-09. Methodology for measuring mass fractions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils, bottom sediments, sewage sludge and industrial and consumer waste using high-performance liquid chromatography from 18.07.2009. M.: FGU "FTsAO". 2009. 19 p. (in Russian).
Marchenko T.A., Izvekova T.V., Gushchin A.A., Grinevich V.I., Golovkina E.A. Water quality in the tributaries of the Volga River in the water area of the Gorky Reservoir. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2016. V. 59. N 5. P. 89-94 (in Russian). DOI: 10.6060/tcct.20165905.5393.
Kulentsan A.L., Makchuk N.A., Legoshin D., Shiryaev M., Puzanov A., Manukyan L. Analysis of polluted wastewater discharge in the regions of the Central Federal District. Ross. Khim. Zhurn. 2025. V. 69. N 2. P. 83-90 (in Russian). DOI: 10.6060/rcj.2025692.10.
Bogdanovich N.I., Kutakova N.A., Makarevich N.A., Lagunova E.A. Ecology of the northern territories. Ar-khangelsk: Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov. 2014. 312 p. (in Russian).
Izvekova T.V., Kobeleva N.A., Gushchin A.A., Grinevich V.I., Rybkin V.V. Distribution of Policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a snow cover in the territory of Ivanovo city, Russia. Chemosphere. 2020. V. 242. Р. 125150. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125150.
Kulentsan A.L., Makchuk N.A. Analysis of the impact of pollutants on humans and the environment. Chem-ChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2022. V. 65. N 1. P. 116-121. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20226501.6531.
Izvekova T.V., Gusev G.I., Gordina N.E., Sitanov R.D., Gushchin A.A. Assessment of the effect of sludge accu-mulator of iron-containing waste on environmental com-ponents. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 11. P. 145-153 (in Russian). DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246711.7140.
Bavrina A.P., Borisov A.P. Modern rules for applying correlation analysis. Med. Almanakh. 2021. V. 68. N 3. P. 70-79 (in Russian).
Order of the Federal Agency for Fisheries dated May 26, 2025 N 296 "On approval of water quality standards for water bodies of fishery importance, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the waters of water bodies of fishery importance" (as amended and supplemented): [Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia 02.06.2025 № 82497] Rosrybolovstvo. 2025. ("Garant" date of access: 03.12.2025) (in Russian). https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/412008824/.
