ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЭНЕРГО- И РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИХ ПОДХОДОВ В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ АММИАКА
Аннотация
Азот является одним из биогенных элементов, необходимых для питания растений. Проблема связывания атмосферного азота продолжает оставаться актуальной и в настоящее время. Если в начале XX века проблема решалась в направлении синтеза аммиака, то сегодня вектор поиска сместился в энерго- и ресурсосбережение. Наличие в молекуле азота прочной тройной химической связи предопределяет большую энергоемкость промышленного производства соединений связанного азота. В данной обзорной статье рассмотрена эволюция технологии аммиака, как наиболее распространенного соединения связанного азота, с позиции совершенствования подходов энерго- и ресурсосбережения. Существующие высокие темпы потребления ископаемого углеродного топлива, особенно природного газа, который является в настоящее время основным видом сырья для производства аммиака, и связанные с этим ежегодно растущие выбросы диоксида углерода в атмосферу, вынуждают ученых всего мира искать альтернативные способы промышленного получения аммиака. В данной статье сделана попытка выявления особенностей и хронологических рамок основных этапов развития подходов к энерго- и ресурсосбережению в технологии аммиака. Определены приемы усовершенствования, способствующие факторы в привязке к этапам развития. Дана сравнительная оценка известных вариантов технологии аммиака и соединений связанного азота по показателям ресурсо- и энергопотребления на разных этапах развития. Выполнено сравнение действующих в России энерготехнологических агрегатов синтеза аммиака по ресурсо- и энергопотреблению. Показано, что современное состояние технологии аммиака характеризуется практически полным исчерпанием возможных вариантов дальнейшего энерго- и ресурсосбережения известных технологических схем, что аммиачные технологии на природном газе в будущем перестанут удовлетворять ужесточающимся требованиям к уровню эмиссии диоксида углерода. Приведена оценка энергопотребления альтернативных способов получения аммиака.
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