НОВЫЕ КОМПОЗИТНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ И ПРОЦЕССЫ ДЛЯ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ, ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ И БИОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ВОДООЧИСТКИ
Обзор
Аннотация
В традиционных методах обработки воды использование химических реактивов может приводить к появлению побочных токсичных продуктов и отходов, требующих сложных энергоемких технологий переработки. В соответствии с принципами устойчивого развития и «зеленых» технологий требуется значительная ревизия существующих методов водоочистки. В обзоре рассмотрены основные направления инновационных разработок в области очистки и дезинфекции воды. Описаны способы модификации агентов водоочистки (флокулянтов, сорбентов, мембран) путем включения в традиционные структуры наночастиц, природосовместимых материалов и «умных» композитов. Перспективно использование композитных наночастиц, в частности, частиц со структурой «магнитное ядро-оболочка», в которых к поверхности привиты функциональные элементы, обеспечивающие селективный захват примесей из воды, в том числе, патогенных микроорганизмов. Наличие магнитного ядра позволяет управлять частицами внешним магнитным полем, что важно для их полного извлечения из воды после выполнения функций. Использование новых композитных флокулянтов, содержащих неорганические и органические компоненты, способные обеспечивать высокоэффективный захват примесей из воды, позволит значительно снизить объемы флокулянтов и образующихся осадков и, таким образом, снизить расходы на переработку осадков и вред от их размещения в природной среде. Важная роль отводится новым углеродным наноструктурам и природным полимерам. В мембранах следующего поколения диспергированные наночастицы могут придавать им бактерицидные и фотокаталитические свойства, обеспечивая высокую эффективность и экономичность дезинфекции. Новым направлением является разработка гибридных структур коагулянтов и мембран со свой-ствами, которые могут управляться внешними факторами - температура, рН, свет, электрические, магнитные, электромагнитные поля. Применение таких «умных» структур приведет к повышению эффективности очистки, снижению энергопотребления и объемов отходов водоочистки, в частности, благодаря уменьшению заиливания мембран. Использование для водоочистки биополимеров и композитов на основе растительного сырья привлекательно их естественным обезвреживанием под воздействием компонентов окружающей среды – воздуха, почвенных микроорганизмов и солнечного света, а также отсутствием вторичного загрязнения. Среди инновационных химических технологий водоочистки важное место занимают усовершенствованные окислительные технологии, в том числе, с применением электромагнитных полей и ультразвука, под воздействием которых удаление вредных органических примесей и обеззараживание воды осуществляются без интенсивного использования химических веществ или образования токсичных побочных продуктов. В области биохимической очистки интеграция процесса очистки сточных вод с системой выращивания микроводорослей может стать перспективной малоотходной и экономически эффективной «зеленой» технологией.
Для цитирования:
Медведева И.В., Медведева О.М., Студенок А.Г., Студенок Г.А., Цейтлин Е.М. Новые композитные материалы и процессы для химических, физико-химических и биохимических технологий водоочистки. Изв. вузов. Химия и хим. технология. 2023. Т. 66. Вып. 1. С. 6-27. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20236601.6538.
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Fraunhofer IBP. Microalgae a sustainable resource for valuable compounds and energy. Доступно по ссылке: https://www.cbp.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/igb/documents/brochures/nachhaltige-chemie/algen/1703_BR_algen_en.pdf [Дата обращения 29.08.2021].
