ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ СВЕРХКРИТИЧЕСКОЙ ЭКСТРАКЦИИ ДЛЯ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ
Аннотация
В данной работе приведен обзор научной литературы по исследованию процесса сверхкритической экстракции. Использование веществ в сверхкритическом состоянии в качестве экстрагента является основой процесса сверхкритической экстракции. В среде сверхкритического флюида имеет место высокая интенсивность массопереноса, что позволяет сверхкритическому флюиду легко проникать в сырье и эффективно извлекать целевые компоненты. Особый интерес представляет диоксид углерода, так как его применение в качестве экстрагента в процессе сверхкритической экстракции отвечает основным принципам «зеленой химии». В работе представлены механизмы массопереноса целевых компонентов из растительного сырья, возникающие в ходе процесса сверхкритической экстракции с использованием диоксида углерода. Рассмотрена кинетика сверхкритической экстракции, в ходе процесса выделяют три основных периода: период постоянной скорости экстракции, период падающей скорости экстракции, период низкой скорости экстракции. Показано влияние температуры и давления, влияния воды в сырье на выход целевых компонентов в процессе сверхкритической экстракции. Проведение сверхкритической экстракции требует специального оборудования высокого давления, в работе представлены основные технологические решения для реализации процесса. Проведено сравнение процесса сверхкритической экстракции с экстракцией в аппарате Сокслета. Процесс сверхкритической экстракции позволяет получать экстракт высокой чистоты, что является перспективным для получения биологически активных лекарственных компонентов и отделения примесей из трудноразделимых смесей. Приведены примеры применения сверхкритической экстракции в промышленности. Кроме того, в работе представлены исследования по извлечению аралозидов из растительного сырья корней аралии маньчжурской с применением процесса сверхкритической экстракции. Сверхкритическая экстракция рассматривается как безопасный и эффективный способ извлечения целевых компонентов из растительного сырья.
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